How can we weigh the efficacy and side-effects of a drug?
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Creative contributions
Computational molecular docking can be a useful technique

[1]https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/1357630/
[2]https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/4675395/
[3]https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cmmm/2020/1573543/

The problems "behind the scenes"
[1]https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2006/SS-06-01/SS06-01-012.pdf
[2]https://www.aaai.org/Papers/Symposia/Spring/2006/SS-06-01/SS06-01-012.pdf
How to know which side-effect is valid? Solution: "Reporter" in every drug

How can we be completely sure when we attribute a side effect to a drug?


Measuring side effects objectively - PAIN
[1]https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anae.13018
[2]Duerden EG, Albanese MC. Localization of pain-related brain activation: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging data. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34(1):109-149. doi:10.1002/hbm.21416
[3]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6979466/pdf/f1000research-9-22472.pdf
[4]Ploner M, Gross J, Timmermann L, Pollok B, Schnitzler A. Pain suppresses spontaneous brain rhythms. Cereb Cortex. 2006 Apr;16(4):537-40. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj001. Epub 2005 Jul 20. PMID: 16033927.
[5]Nir RR, Sinai A, Raz E, Sprecher E, Yarnitsky D. Pain assessment by continuous EEG: association between subjective perception of tonic pain and peak frequency of alpha oscillations during stimulation and at rest. Brain Res. 2010 Jul 16;1344:77-86. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.004. Epub 2010 May 10. PMID: 20460116.
[6]Fernandez Rojas R, Huang X, Ou KL. Toward a functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based monitoring of pain assessment for nonverbal patients. J Biomed Opt. 2017 Oct;22(10):1-12. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.22.10.106013. PMID: 29076307.
[7]Zhang J. How far is arterial spin labeling MRI from a clinical reality? Insights from arterial spin labeling comparative studies in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016 May;43(5):1020-45. doi: 10.1002/jmri.25022. Epub 2015 Aug 6. PMID: 26250802.
[8]van der Miesen MM, Lindquist MA, Wager TD. Neuroimaging-based biomarkers for pain: state of the field and current directions. Pain Rep. 2019;4(4):e751. Published 2019 Aug 7. doi:10.1097/PR9.0000000000000751
[9]Koyama, S., LeBlanc, B.W., Smith, K.A. et al. An Electroencephalography Bioassay for Preclinical Testing of Analgesic Efficacy. Sci Rep 8, 16402 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34594-2
Side Effects are Extremely Complex and Patient-Dependent

[1]Kaufman G. Adverse drug reactions: classification, susceptibility and reporting. Nurs Stand. 2016 Aug 10;30(50):53-63. doi: 10.7748/ns.2016.e10214. PMID: 27507394.

Pay for both, positive and negative feedback
[1]https://www.fda.gov/drugs/surveillance/questions-and-answers-fdas-adverse-event-reporting-system-faers