What are some of the most promising natural compounds we can use to slow aging?
Image credit: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Ginseng#section=2D-Structure
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[7]Kim HJ, Jung SW, Kim SY, Cho IH, Kim HC, Rhim H, et al. Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. J Ginseng Res 2018;42:401–11.
Creative contributions
Curcumin Derived From Turmeric
[1]Fadus MC, Lau C, Bikhchandani J, Lynch HT. Curcumin: An age-old anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic agent. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016 Sep 9;7(3):339-346. PMID:28725630. PMCID: PMC5506636 doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.08.002
[2]Liao V.H.C., Yu C.W., Chu Y.J., Li W.H., Hsieh Y.C., Wang T.T. Curcumin-mediated lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2011;132:480–487. PMID: 21855561. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.07.008.
[3]Lee K.-S., Lee B.-S., Semnani S., Avanesian A., Um C.-Y., Jeon H.-J., Seong K.-M., Yu K., Min K.-J., Jafari M. Curcumin Extends Life Span, Improves Health Span, and Modulates the Expression of Age-Associated Aging Genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Rejuvenation Res. 2010;13:561–570. PMID: 20645870. doi: 10.1089/rej.2010.1031.
[4]Soh J.W., Marowsky N., Nichols T.J., Rahman A.M., Miah T., Sarao P., Khasawneh R., Unnikrishnan A., Heydari A.R., Silver R.B., et al. Curcumin is an early-acting stage-specific inducer of extended functional longevity in Drosophila. Exp. Gerontol. 2013;48:229–239. PMID: 23063786. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.09.007.
[5]Shen L.R., Parnell L.D., Ordovas J.M., Lai C.Q. Curcumin and aging. BioFactors. 2013;39:133–140. PMID: 23325575. doi: 10.1002/biof.1086.
[6]Sikora E., Scapagnini G., Barbagallo M. Curcumin, inflammation, ageing and age-related diseases. Immun. Ageing. 2010;7:1. PMID: 20205886. PMCID: PMC2827376. doi: 10.1186/1742-4933-7-1.
[7]Gupta SC, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB. Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS J. 2013;15(1):195-218. PMID: 23143785. PMCID: PMC3535097. doi:10.1208/s12248-012-9432-8.
[8]López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013 Jun 6;153(6):1194-217. PMID: 23746838; PMCID: PMC3836174. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039.
[9]Daily JW, Yang M, Park S. Efficacy of Turmeric Extracts and Curcumin for Alleviating the Symptoms of Joint Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. J Med Food. 2016;19(8):717-729. PMID: 27533649. PMCID: PMC5003001. doi:10.1089/jmf.2016.3705
[10]Dhillon N, Aggarwal BB, Newman RA, Wolff RA, Kunnumakkara AB, Abbruzzese JL, Ng CS, Badmaev V, Kurzrock R. Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 15;14(14):4491-9. PMID: 18628464. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0024.
[11]Carroll RE, Benya RV, Turgeon DK, et al. Phase IIa clinical trial of curcumin for the prevention of colorectal neoplasia [published correction appears in Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2012 Dec;5(12):1407. Dosage error in article text]. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(3):354-364. PMID: 21372035. PMCID: PMC4136551. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0098.
[12]DiSilvestro RA, Joseph E, Zhao S, Bomser J. Diverse effects of a low dose supplement of lipidated curcumin in healthy middle aged people. Nutr J. 2012 Sep 26;11:79. PMID: 23013352; PMCID: PMC3518252. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-79.
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Flavonoids in Blueberries
[1]Joanna L. Bowtell, Zainie Aboo-Bakkar, Myra E. Conway, Anna-Lynne R. Adlam, and Jonathan Fulford. Enhanced task-related brain activation and resting perfusion in healthy older adults after chronic blueberry supplementation. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 42(7): 773-779. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0550
[2]Sarah A. Johnson, Arturo Figueroa, Negin Navaei Alexei Wong, Roy Kalfon, Lauren T. Ormsbee, Rafaela G. Feresin, Marcus L. Elam, Shirin Hooshmand, Mark E. Payton, Bahram H. Arjmandi. Daily Blueberry Consumption Improves Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Postmenopausal Women with Pre- and Stage 1-Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Published:January 07, 2015 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.11.001
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Biophenols from olives and nuts reduce cognitive decline and improve cardiovascular markers
[1]Omar, S.H. Mediterranean and MIND Diets Containing Olive Biophenols Reduces the Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2797.
[2]N.R.T. Damasceno, A. Pérez-Heras, M. Serra, M. Cofán, A. Sala-Vila, J. Salas-Salvadó, E. Ros. Crossover study of diets enriched with virgin olive oil, walnuts or almonds. Effects on lipids and other cardiovascular risk markers. Published:March 23, 2011DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2010.12.006
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Natural compounds found in ginger extracts
[1]Nile, Shivraj Hariram, and Se Won Park. "Chromatographic analysis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of ginger extracts and its reference compounds." Industrial Crops and Products 70 (2015): 238-244.
[2]Shanmugam, Kondeti Ramudu, et al. "Protective effect of dietary ginger on antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rat tissues." Food Chemistry 124.4 (2011): 1436-1442.
[3]Park, Gunhyuk, et al. "6-Shogaol, an active compound of ginger, protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease models via anti-neuroinflammation." Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 34.9 (2013): 1131-1139.
[4]Zeng, Gao-feng, et al. "Protective effects of ginger root extract on Alzheimer disease-induced behavioral dysfunction in rats." Rejuvenation Research 16.2 (2013): 124-133.
[5]Lee, Chan, et al. "[6]-Gingerol attenuates β-amyloid-induced oxidative cell death via fortifying cellular antioxidant defense system." Food and chemical toxicology 49.6 (2011): 1261-1269.
[6]J. A. O. Ojewole, "Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) rhizomes (Zingiberaceae) in mice and rats," Phytotherapy Research, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 764–772, 2006.
[7]Zhou, Yu-zhi, et al. "Ginger extract extends the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster through antioxidation and ameliorating metabolic dysfunction." Journal of Functional Foods 49 (2018): 295-305.
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Astaxanthin as a neuroprotector
[1]Fakhri, S.; Abbaszadeh, F.; Dargahi, L.; Jorjani, M. Astaxanthin: A mechanistic review on its biological activities and health benefits. Pharmacol. Res. 2018, 136, 1–20
[2]Bhat, A.H.; Dar, K.B.; Anees, S.; Zargar, M.A.; Masood, A.; Sofi, M.A.; Ganie, S.A. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases; a mechanistic insight. Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2015, 74, 101–110
[3]Fakhri, S.; Dargahi, L.; Abbaszadeh, F.; Jorjani, M. Effects of astaxanthin on sensory-motor function in a compression model of spinal cord injury: Involvement of ERK and AKT signalling pathway. Eur. J. Pain 2019, 23, 750–764
[4] Fakhri, S.; Dargahi, L.; Abbaszadeh, F.; Jorjani, M. Astaxanthin attenuates neuroinflammation contributed to the neuropathic pain and motor dysfunction following compression spinal cord injury. Brain Res. Bull. 2018, 143, 217–224
[5]Kidd, P. Astaxanthin, cell membrane nutrient with diverse clinical benefits and anti-aging potential. Altern. Med. Rev. A J. Clin. Ther. 2011, 16, 355–364.
[6]Tan BJ, Chiu GN. Role of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and ERK activation in triptolide-induced apoptosis. Int J Oncol. 2013 May;42(5):1605-12. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1843. Epub 2013 Mar 1. PMID: 23467622.
[7]Masoudi, A.; Dargahi, L.; Abbaszadeh, F.; Pourgholami, M.H.; Asgari, A.; Manoochehri, M.; Jorjani, M. Neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Behav. Brain Res. 2017, 329, 104–110.
[8]Nouchi R, Suiko T, Kimura E, Takenaka H, Murakoshi M, Uchiyama A, Aono M, Kawashima R. Effects of Lutein and Astaxanthin Intake on the Improvement of Cognitive Functions among Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 27;12(3):617. doi: 10.3390/nu12030617. PMID: 32120794; PMCID: PMC7146131.
[9]Ito N, Saito H, Seki S, Ueda F, Asada T. Effects of Composite Supplement Containing Astaxanthin and Sesamin on Cognitive Functions in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;62(4):1767-1775. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170969. Erratum in: J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;68(2):839. PMID: 29614679; PMCID: PMC5900571.
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Sargaquinoic acid from brown alga Sargassum sagamianum
[1]Hur S, Lee H, Kim Y, Lee BH, Shin J, Kim TY. Sargaquinoic acid and sargachromenol, extracts of Sargassum sagamianum, induce apoptosis in HaCaT cells and mice skin: Its potentiation of UVB-induced apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 Mar 17;582(1-3):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.025. Epub 2007 Dec 28. PMID: 18243174.
[2]Gwon WG, Lee B, Joung EJ, Choi MW, Yoon N, Shin T, Oh CW, Kim HR. Sargaquinoic acid inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling, thereby contributing to decreased monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63:9053–61.
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Rapamycin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus strain AY B994
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Quercetin increases stress resistance and longevity
[1]G. Mohan Shankar, Jayesh Antony, Ruby John Anto, Chapter Two - Quercetin and Tryptanthrin: Two Broad Spectrum Anticancer Agents for Future Chemotherapeutic Interventions, Editor(s): S. Zahra Bathaie, Fuyuhiko Tamanoi, The Enzymes, Academic Press, Volume 37, 2015, Pages 43-72, ISSN 1874-6047, ISBN 9780128038765, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.enz.2015.05.001.
[2]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Kaempferol increases thermal stress resistance and longevity
[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol#:~:text=Common%20foods%20that%20contain%20kaempferol,blackberries%2C%20raspberries%2C%20and%20spinach.
[2]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Catechin increases stress resistance and longevity
[1]Yusuf Yilmaz. Novel uses of catechins in foods, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 17, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 64-71, ISSN 0924-2244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.10.005.
[2]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Icariin increases stress resistance and longevity
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Butein is a sirtuin activator and it increases lifespan
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Resveratrol exerts anti-aging effects along with an increase in lifespan
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Epigallocatechin gallate increases stress resistance and longevity
[1]https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/egcg-epigallocatechin-gallate#sources
[2]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Polyphenol tannic acid
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Sulforaphane
[1]Fuentes F, Paredes-Gonzalez X, Kong AN (2015) Dietary glucosinolates sulforaphane, phenethyl isothiocyanate, indole-3-carbinol/3,30 -diindolylmethane: anti-oxidative stress/inflammation, Nrf2, epigenetics/epigenomics and in vivo cancer chemopreventive efficacy. Curr Pharmacol Rep 1:179–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-015-0017- y
[2]Villatoro-Pulido M, Font R, Saha S, Obrego´n-Cano S, Anter J, Mun˜oz-Serrano A, De Haro-Bailo´n A, Alonso-Moraga A, Del Rı´o-Celestino M (2012) In vivo biological activity of rocket extracts (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell) and sulforaphane. Food Chem Toxicol 50:1384–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.017
[3]Zhang R, Zhang J, Fang L, Li X, Zhao Y, Shi W, An L (2015) Neuroprotective effects of sulforaphane on cholinergic neurons in mice with Alzheimer’s disease-like lesions. Int J Mol Sci 15:14396–14410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms150814396
[4]Xu Z, Wang S, Ji H, Zhang Z, Chen J, Tan Y, Wintergerst K, Zheng Y, Sun J, Cai L (2016) Broccoli sprout extract prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy via Nrf2 activation in db/db T2DM mice. Sci Rep 6:30252. https://doi.org/10. 1038/srep30252
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Caffeic acid increases lifespan and thermotolerance
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Rosmarinic acid extends lifespan and increases thermotolerance
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Gallic acid increases lifespan
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Ellagic acid increases lifespan
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Acteoside increases lifespan
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Tyrosol increases lifespan and resistance to thermal and oxidative stress.
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
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Glaucarubinone increases lifespan and inhibits colorectal cancer growth
[1]Argyropoulou A, Aligiannis N, Trougakos IP, Skaltsounis AL. Natural compounds with anti-ageing activity. Nat Prod Rep. 2013 Oct 11;30(11):1412-37. doi: 10.1039/c3np70031c. PMID: 24056714.
[2]Huynh N, Beutler JA, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS, He H. Glaucarubinone inhibits colorectal cancer growth by suppression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and β-catenin via a p-21 activated kinase 1-dependent pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015 Jan;1853(1):157-65. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.013. Epub 2014 Oct 22. PMID: 25409929; PMCID: PMC7709143.